農村土地承包法大修帶來鄉村振興新動能
來源:未知 日期:2019-06-10 點擊:次
土(tu)地是農(nong)(nong)村(cun)最重要的生產資(zi)料(liao)。實行以家庭承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)營為基(ji)礎、統分(fen)結合的雙層經(jing)營體(ti)制(zhi),是由我國憲法(fa)確立(li)的農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)本經(jing)營制(zhi)度。2018年12月29日(ri),十三(san)屆全國人大(da)常委(wei)會(hui)第七次會(hui)議表(biao)決通過(guo)了關于修(xiu)改農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地承(cheng)包(bao)法(fa)的決定,標志(zhi)著(zhu)我國農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)本經(jing)營制(zhi)度改革進入新的歷史階(jie)段。新的農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地承(cheng)包(bao)法(fa)已于今年1月1日(ri)起正(zheng)式施行。
新形(xing)勢下深(shen)化農(nong)(nong)(nong)村改革,主線仍是處理好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)和(he)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)關系。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法自2003年施行(xing)以來,在穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經營(ying)制度,維護農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)權益,促進現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業發展和(he)新農(nong)(nong)(nong)村建設等(deng)方面發揮了重(zhong)大作用。但(dan)要(yao)看(kan)到(dao),現(xian)實管理中也(ye)存(cun)在諸如土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)資源(yuan)效(xiao)能體(ti)現(xian)不足、土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)流(liu)轉不規范(fan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)流(liu)轉主體(ti)地(di)(di)位得不到(dao)保障等(deng)瓶(ping)頸問(wen)題(ti)和(he)薄弱環節,亟待(dai)通過(guo)法律的(de)(de)自我更新和(he)完(wan)善來破解(jie)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法此次(ci)修訂,是我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經營(ying)制度改革進入到(dao)新的(de)(de)歷史階段的(de)(de)必然要(yao)求(qiu)。
黨(dang)的(de)十八大(da)以來,黨(dang)中央(yang)針對鞏固(gu)和(he)完善農村(cun)(cun)基本經(jing)營制度、深化農村(cun)(cun)集體土(tu)地(di)制度改革、激發土(tu)地(di)資源(yuan)效能等提(ti)(ti)出(chu)一(yi)系列新的(de)重大(da)方(fang)針政策。黨(dang)的(de)十九(jiu)大(da)更(geng)是作出(chu)了全面實(shi)施(shi)鄉村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰(zhan)略的(de)部署,提(ti)(ti)出(chu)第二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)承(cheng)包到期后(hou)再延長30年(nian)的(de)重要決(jue)定。這些重大(da)決(jue)策部署,需要盡(jin)快轉(zhuan)化和(he)上升為國(guo)家法律(lv)規范(fan)。另一(yi)方(fang)面,在(zai)具體的(de)實(shi)踐探索中,各地(di)方(fang)結合自(zi)身實(shi)際(ji),積極進(jin)行(xing)創新,形成了一(yi)些好的(de)經(jing)驗和(he)做(zuo)法,這也為進(jin)一(yi)步完善制度設計、有效增加制度供給提(ti)(ti)供了堅實(shi)的(de)支撐。
近些(xie)年(nian)來,隨(sui)著農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產率(lv)的(de)提(ti)高和(he)(he)城鎮化(hua)進程加快,農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)發展日(ri)新(xin)(xin)月異(yi)。與此同時(shi),農(nong)(nong)村(cun)勞動(dong)力大(da)量轉移,土(tu)地(di)(di)流(liu)轉面積(ji)不斷(duan)擴大(da),規模(mo)化(hua)、集約化(hua)經(jing)營水平(ping)不斷(duan)提(ti)升(sheng)。農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部相關數據(ju)表明,2007年(nian)至(zhi)2017年(nian)年(nian)底,全(quan)國農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承包經(jing)營權流(liu)轉總面積(ji)占家庭承包耕地(di)(di)總面積(ji)的(de)比例,由(you)5.2%增長到(dao)37%。新(xin)(xin)時(shi)期(qi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生產力發展呈(cheng)現出的(de)新(xin)(xin)特點(dian)、新(xin)(xin)趨勢和(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)要求,也需要在(zai)法律上予以積(ji)極回應。
這次農村土地承(cheng)包法(fa)修(xiu)訂,涉及(ji)三分之二以上(shang)的條款和內容(rong),調整之力度、深度和廣度前所未有。概括(kuo)來說,調整主要(yao)聚(ju)焦在三個方面。
一是確立了所(suo)有(you)權(quan)、承(cheng)包權(quan)、經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)“三權(quan)分(fen)置”制度(du)。按照(zhao)法律(lv),在承(cheng)包地(di)未(wei)流轉(zhuan)時,土(tu)地(di)集體所(suo)有(you)權(quan)與(yu)承(cheng)包經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)“兩權(quan)”分(fen)離;在承(cheng)包地(di)流轉(zhuan)后,由(you)承(cheng)包經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)分(fen)解(jie)出經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan),形成(cheng)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)、承(cheng)包權(quan)、經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)“三權(quan)分(fen)置”格局。建立土(tu)地(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)登記制度(du),給流轉(zhuan)土(tu)地(di)的(de)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)者吃了一顆定心丸。明確承(cheng)包方(fang)或受(shou)讓方(fang)可以用土(tu)地(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)向金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構融(rong)資(zi)擔保,將(jiang)土(tu)地(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)的(de)權(quan)能真正(zheng)落到了實處,有(you)利于鼓(gu)勵和支持各類新型經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主(zhu)體從事農(nong)(nong)業開發(fa)和產業化經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying),激發(fa)現代農(nong)(nong)業產業發(fa)展活力。
二是穩定農村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)關系(xi)并(bing)(bing)長(chang)久不變(bian)。這次法(fa)律明確第二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到期后再延長(chang)30年,原則上(shang)現有(you)(you)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)在第二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到期后由農戶繼(ji)續承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao),已(yi)頒發的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權利證書,在新(xin)的(de)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)期繼(ji)續有(you)(you)效且不變(bian)不換。對于(yu)個別地(di)(di)區群(qun)眾意愿(yuan)較高、內(nei)容合理的(de)調地(di)(di)訴求,必須(xu)履行(xing)村(cun)集體經濟組織(zhi)民主決策程(cheng)序并(bing)(bing)報相關主管部(bu)門批準,但(dan)不得將承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)打亂重分,避免承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)頻繁變(bian)動,以此穩定和強(qiang)化農民的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經營預期。
三是強化對(dui)進(jin)城(cheng)落戶(hu)農民(min)、婦(fu)女等(deng)群體的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)益的保護。法(fa)(fa)律明確(que),進(jin)城(cheng)落戶(hu)農民(min)的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)、宅基地(di)(di)(di)(di)使(shi)用權(quan)、集體收益分配權(quan)繼續保留,支持引導其(qi)依法(fa)(fa)自愿有(you)償轉讓上述(shu)權(quan)益。保障婦(fu)女應該享有(you)的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)益,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)經營(ying)權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng)或者(zhe)林權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)證(zheng)(zheng)書應當將具有(you)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)的全部家(jia)庭成員列入。此外,對(dui)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)統一登記、工商企業租賃農戶(hu)承包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)準入、土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉監(jian)管等(deng)相(xiang)關制度,在(zai)法(fa)(fa)律層面上也都進(jin)行了明確(que)。
農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法(fa)的(de)修訂和實(shi)施,對深入實(shi)施鄉村(cun)振興戰略(lve),全(quan)面深化(hua)農村(cun)改革(ge),開(kai)創新(xin)時期“三農”工作新(xin)局(ju)面,必將產生巨大而深遠的(de)影響。貫徹并(bing)落(luo)實(shi)好(hao)農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法(fa),各級政府(fu)和有關(guan)部門有必要對相關(guan)制度措施做進一步的(de)完善和細化(hua),尤其是在規范農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包經營權(quan)流(liu)轉、健(jian)全(quan)農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包管理(li)和糾(jiu)紛調處機制等方面做好(hao)配套保障,真(zhen)正讓良法(fa)落(luo)地(di)(di),真(zhen)正讓政策(ce)紅利惠及于民。