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農村土地承包法大修帶來鄉村振興新動能

來源:未知 日期:2019-06-10 點擊:

  土(tu)地是農(nong)(nong)村(cun)最重要的生產資(zi)料(liao)。實行以家庭承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)營為基(ji)礎、統分(fen)結合的雙層經(jing)營體(ti)制(zhi),是由我國憲法(fa)確立(li)的農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)本經(jing)營制(zhi)度。2018年12月29日(ri),十三(san)屆全國人大(da)常委(wei)會(hui)第七次會(hui)議表(biao)決通過(guo)了關于修(xiu)改農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地承(cheng)包(bao)法(fa)的決定,標志(zhi)著(zhu)我國農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)本經(jing)營制(zhi)度改革進入新的歷史階(jie)段。新的農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地承(cheng)包(bao)法(fa)已于今年1月1日(ri)起正(zheng)式施行。
  
  新形(xing)勢下深(shen)化農(nong)(nong)(nong)村改革,主線仍是處理好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)和(he)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)關系。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法自2003年施行(xing)以來,在穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經營(ying)制度,維護農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)權益,促進現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業發展和(he)新農(nong)(nong)(nong)村建設等(deng)方面發揮了重(zhong)大作用。但(dan)要(yao)看(kan)到(dao),現(xian)實管理中也(ye)存(cun)在諸如土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)資源(yuan)效(xiao)能體(ti)現(xian)不足、土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)流(liu)轉不規范(fan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)流(liu)轉主體(ti)地(di)(di)位得不到(dao)保障等(deng)瓶(ping)頸問(wen)題(ti)和(he)薄弱環節,亟待(dai)通過(guo)法律的(de)(de)自我更新和(he)完(wan)善來破解(jie)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法此次(ci)修訂,是我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經營(ying)制度改革進入到(dao)新的(de)(de)歷史階段的(de)(de)必然要(yao)求(qiu)。
  
  黨(dang)的(de)十八大(da)以來,黨(dang)中央(yang)針對鞏固(gu)和(he)完善農村(cun)(cun)基本經(jing)營制度、深化農村(cun)(cun)集體土(tu)地(di)制度改革、激發土(tu)地(di)資源(yuan)效能等提(ti)(ti)出(chu)一(yi)系列新的(de)重大(da)方(fang)針政策。黨(dang)的(de)十九(jiu)大(da)更(geng)是作出(chu)了全面實(shi)施(shi)鄉村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰(zhan)略的(de)部署,提(ti)(ti)出(chu)第二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)承(cheng)包到期后(hou)再延長30年(nian)的(de)重要決(jue)定。這些重大(da)決(jue)策部署,需要盡(jin)快轉(zhuan)化和(he)上升為國(guo)家法律(lv)規范(fan)。另一(yi)方(fang)面,在(zai)具體的(de)實(shi)踐探索中,各地(di)方(fang)結合自(zi)身實(shi)際(ji),積極進(jin)行(xing)創新,形成了一(yi)些好的(de)經(jing)驗和(he)做(zuo)法,這也為進(jin)一(yi)步完善制度設計、有效增加制度供給提(ti)(ti)供了堅實(shi)的(de)支撐。
  
  近些(xie)年(nian)來,隨(sui)著農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產率(lv)的(de)提(ti)高和(he)(he)城鎮化(hua)進程加快,農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)發展日(ri)新(xin)(xin)月異(yi)。與此同時(shi),農(nong)(nong)村(cun)勞動(dong)力大(da)量轉移,土(tu)地(di)(di)流(liu)轉面積(ji)不斷(duan)擴大(da),規模(mo)化(hua)、集約化(hua)經(jing)營水平(ping)不斷(duan)提(ti)升(sheng)。農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部相關數據(ju)表明,2007年(nian)至(zhi)2017年(nian)年(nian)底,全(quan)國農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承包經(jing)營權流(liu)轉總面積(ji)占家庭承包耕地(di)(di)總面積(ji)的(de)比例,由(you)5.2%增長到(dao)37%。新(xin)(xin)時(shi)期(qi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生產力發展呈(cheng)現出的(de)新(xin)(xin)特點(dian)、新(xin)(xin)趨勢和(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)要求,也需要在(zai)法律上予以積(ji)極回應。
  
  這次農村土地承(cheng)包法(fa)修(xiu)訂,涉及(ji)三分之二以上(shang)的條款和內容(rong),調整之力度、深度和廣度前所未有。概括(kuo)來說,調整主要(yao)聚(ju)焦在三個方面。
  
  一是確立了所(suo)有(you)權(quan)、承(cheng)包權(quan)、經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)“三權(quan)分(fen)置”制度(du)。按照(zhao)法律(lv),在承(cheng)包地(di)未(wei)流轉(zhuan)時,土(tu)地(di)集體所(suo)有(you)權(quan)與(yu)承(cheng)包經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)“兩權(quan)”分(fen)離;在承(cheng)包地(di)流轉(zhuan)后,由(you)承(cheng)包經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)分(fen)解(jie)出經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan),形成(cheng)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)、承(cheng)包權(quan)、經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)“三權(quan)分(fen)置”格局。建立土(tu)地(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)登記制度(du),給流轉(zhuan)土(tu)地(di)的(de)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)者吃了一顆定心丸。明確承(cheng)包方(fang)或受(shou)讓方(fang)可以用土(tu)地(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)向金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構融(rong)資(zi)擔保,將(jiang)土(tu)地(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)的(de)權(quan)能真正(zheng)落到了實處,有(you)利于鼓(gu)勵和支持各類新型經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主(zhu)體從事農(nong)(nong)業開發(fa)和產業化經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying),激發(fa)現代農(nong)(nong)業產業發(fa)展活力。
  
  二是穩定農村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)關系(xi)并(bing)(bing)長(chang)久不變(bian)。這次法(fa)律明確第二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到期后再延長(chang)30年,原則上(shang)現有(you)(you)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)在第二輪(lun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)到期后由農戶繼(ji)續承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao),已(yi)頒發的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權利證書,在新(xin)的(de)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)期繼(ji)續有(you)(you)效且不變(bian)不換。對于(yu)個別地(di)(di)區群(qun)眾意愿(yuan)較高、內(nei)容合理的(de)調地(di)(di)訴求,必須(xu)履行(xing)村(cun)集體經濟組織(zhi)民主決策程(cheng)序并(bing)(bing)報相關主管部(bu)門批準,但(dan)不得將承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)打亂重分,避免承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)頻繁變(bian)動,以此穩定和強(qiang)化農民的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經營預期。
  
  三是強化對(dui)進(jin)城(cheng)落戶(hu)農民(min)、婦(fu)女等(deng)群體的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)益的保護。法(fa)(fa)律明確(que),進(jin)城(cheng)落戶(hu)農民(min)的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)、宅基地(di)(di)(di)(di)使(shi)用權(quan)、集體收益分配權(quan)繼續保留,支持引導其(qi)依法(fa)(fa)自愿有(you)償轉讓上述(shu)權(quan)益。保障婦(fu)女應該享有(you)的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)益,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)經營(ying)權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng)或者(zhe)林權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)證(zheng)(zheng)書應當將具有(you)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)權(quan)的全部家(jia)庭成員列入。此外,對(dui)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)統一登記、工商企業租賃農戶(hu)承包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)準入、土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉監(jian)管等(deng)相(xiang)關制度,在(zai)法(fa)(fa)律層面上也都進(jin)行了明確(que)。
  
  農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法(fa)的(de)修訂和實(shi)施,對深入實(shi)施鄉村(cun)振興戰略(lve),全(quan)面深化(hua)農村(cun)改革(ge),開(kai)創新(xin)時期“三農”工作新(xin)局(ju)面,必將產生巨大而深遠的(de)影響。貫徹并(bing)落(luo)實(shi)好(hao)農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包法(fa),各級政府(fu)和有關(guan)部門有必要對相關(guan)制度措施做進一步的(de)完善和細化(hua),尤其是在規范農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包經營權(quan)流(liu)轉、健(jian)全(quan)農村(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承包管理(li)和糾(jiu)紛調處機制等方面做好(hao)配套保障,真(zhen)正讓良法(fa)落(luo)地(di)(di),真(zhen)正讓政策(ce)紅利惠及于民。


 

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農村土地承包法大修帶來鄉村振興新動能

2019-06-10 來源:未知 點擊:

  土(tu)地(di)(di)是農村(cun)最(zui)重要的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)資料。實行(xing)以家(jia)庭承(cheng)包經營為基礎、統分結(jie)合的(de)(de)雙(shuang)層經營體(ti)制,是由我國(guo)憲法確立的(de)(de)農村(cun)基本(ben)經營制度(du)。2018年12月(yue)29日(ri),十三屆全國(guo)人大(da)常(chang)委會(hui)(hui)第七次會(hui)(hui)議(yi)表決通過了關于(yu)修改(gai)農村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包法的(de)(de)決定,標志著我國(guo)農村(cun)基本(ben)經營制度(du)改(gai)革進入新的(de)(de)歷(li)史階段。新的(de)(de)農村(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包法已于(yu)今年1月(yue)1日(ri)起正式施行(xing)。
  
  新(xin)形勢下深(shen)化農(nong)(nong)村(cun)改革,主(zhu)線仍(reng)是處(chu)理好(hao)農(nong)(nong)民(min)和(he)土地(di)的(de)關(guan)系。農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)承包法自2003年施(shi)行以來(lai),在穩定(ding)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基本經營制度,維護(hu)農(nong)(nong)民(min)土地(di)權益,促(cu)進現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)業發(fa)展和(he)新(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)建設等方面發(fa)揮(hui)了重大作用。但要看到(dao),現(xian)實管理中也(ye)存在諸如土地(di)資源效能體現(xian)不足(zu)、土地(di)流轉(zhuan)不規范、農(nong)(nong)民(min)流轉(zhuan)主(zhu)體地(di)位得不到(dao)保(bao)障(zhang)等瓶頸問(wen)題和(he)薄弱環節,亟待通過(guo)法律的(de)自我(wo)更新(xin)和(he)完善來(lai)破解。農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)承包法此次修訂(ding),是我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基本經營制度改革進入到(dao)新(xin)的(de)歷史階段的(de)必然(ran)要求。
  
  黨的(de)十(shi)八大(da)以來(lai),黨中央(yang)針(zhen)對(dui)鞏固和完(wan)善(shan)農(nong)村基本經營(ying)制度、深化(hua)(hua)農(nong)村集體土地制度改革、激發土地資(zi)源(yuan)效能等提(ti)(ti)出一(yi)系列(lie)新的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)方針(zhen)政策(ce)。黨的(de)十(shi)九大(da)更是作出了全面(mian)實施鄉(xiang)村振興戰略的(de)部(bu)署,提(ti)(ti)出第(di)二輪土地承(cheng)包到期后再延(yan)長30年的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要決定。這些(xie)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)決策(ce)部(bu)署,需(xu)要盡快(kuai)轉化(hua)(hua)和上升(sheng)為國家法律規(gui)范。另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian),在具(ju)體的(de)實踐探(tan)索中,各地方結(jie)合自身實際(ji),積(ji)極進(jin)行創新,形(xing)成(cheng)了一(yi)些(xie)好的(de)經驗和做法,這也為進(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)善(shan)制度設(she)計(ji)、有效增加制度供給提(ti)(ti)供了堅實的(de)支撐(cheng)。
  
  近些年(nian)來,隨著農(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產率的提(ti)高(gao)和城鎮(zhen)化進程加快,農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村發展(zhan)日新(xin)月異。與此同時,農(nong)(nong)村勞動力大量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移,土地(di)(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)不斷擴大,規模化、集約化經營水平不斷提(ti)升。農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村部相關數據(ju)表明,2007年(nian)至2017年(nian)年(nian)底,全國農(nong)(nong)村土地(di)(di)承包(bao)經營權(quan)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)占(zhan)家庭(ting)承包(bao)耕(geng)地(di)(di)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)的比例,由5.2%增長到37%。新(xin)時期(qi)農(nong)(nong)村生(sheng)產力發展(zhan)呈現出的新(xin)特點、新(xin)趨(qu)勢(shi)和新(xin)要(yao)求(qiu),也需要(yao)在法律上予以積(ji)(ji)(ji)極(ji)回應。
  
  這次農(nong)村(cun)土地承(cheng)包法(fa)修訂,涉及三(san)分之(zhi)二以上(shang)的(de)條款(kuan)和(he)內(nei)容,調(diao)整(zheng)之(zhi)力度、深度和(he)廣度前所未有。概括(kuo)來(lai)說,調(diao)整(zheng)主要聚焦在三(san)個(ge)方(fang)面。
  
  一(yi)是確立了所有權(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)、經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)“三權(quan)(quan)分置”制(zhi)度。按(an)照法(fa)律,在承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)未流(liu)轉時,土(tu)地(di)(di)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)所有權(quan)(quan)與承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)“兩權(quan)(quan)”分離;在承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)流(liu)轉后(hou),由承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)分解出(chu)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan),形成所有權(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)、經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)“三權(quan)(quan)分置”格局(ju)。建立土(tu)地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)登記制(zhi)度,給流(liu)轉土(tu)地(di)(di)的經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)者吃了一(yi)顆定心丸。明確承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)方或受讓方可以用土(tu)地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)向金融機構融資擔保,將土(tu)地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)的權(quan)(quan)能真正落到了實處(chu),有利于鼓勵和支持(chi)各類(lei)新型(xing)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)主體(ti)(ti)從(cong)事農業(ye)(ye)開發和產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying),激發現代農業(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展活(huo)力。
  
  二(er)(er)是穩(wen)定農村土地(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)關系并長久不變(bian)(bian)。這次法律明確第二(er)(er)輪土地(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)到期(qi)后再延(yan)長30年(nian),原則上現(xian)有承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)地(di)(di)(di)在第二(er)(er)輪土地(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)到期(qi)后由農戶繼(ji)續承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao),已頒發的(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)利證(zheng)書,在新的(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)期(qi)繼(ji)續有效(xiao)且不變(bian)(bian)不換。對于(yu)個(ge)別地(di)(di)(di)區群眾意愿較(jiao)高、內容(rong)合理的(de)(de)調(diao)地(di)(di)(di)訴求,必須(xu)履行村集體(ti)經濟組織(zhi)民主(zhu)決(jue)策程(cheng)序(xu)并報相關主(zhu)管部(bu)門批準,但不得將承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)地(di)(di)(di)打亂重分,避(bi)免承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)地(di)(di)(di)頻繁變(bian)(bian)動,以(yi)此穩(wen)定和強化農民的(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)經營預(yu)期(qi)。
  
  三(san)是強化對進城(cheng)落戶(hu)農民(min)、婦女等(deng)群體的土地(di)(di)承包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)益的保(bao)護。法律明確,進城(cheng)落戶(hu)農民(min)的土地(di)(di)承包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、宅基(ji)地(di)(di)使用權(quan)(quan)(quan)、集體收益分配權(quan)(quan)(quan)繼續保(bao)留,支(zhi)持(chi)引導其依法自愿(yuan)有償轉讓上述權(quan)(quan)(quan)益。保(bao)障婦女應該享有的土地(di)(di)承包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)益,土地(di)(di)承包(bao)經營權(quan)(quan)(quan)證或者林(lin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)證等(deng)證書應當(dang)將具有土地(di)(di)承包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的全部家庭成員(yuan)列入。此外,對土地(di)(di)承包(bao)地(di)(di)統一登記、工商企業租賃(lin)農戶(hu)承包(bao)地(di)(di)準入、土地(di)(di)流(liu)轉監管等(deng)相關制(zhi)度,在法律層面上也都(dou)進行了明確。
  
  農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)的修訂和實(shi)施(shi)(shi),對(dui)深(shen)入實(shi)施(shi)(shi)鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興戰略,全面深(shen)化農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)改革(ge),開創新時期“三農(nong)(nong)”工(gong)作(zuo)新局面,必將產生巨大(da)而深(shen)遠的影響。貫(guan)徹(che)并落(luo)(luo)實(shi)好農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa),各級政(zheng)(zheng)府和有關部門有必要對(dui)相關制(zhi)(zhi)度措施(shi)(shi)做進一步(bu)的完善和細化,尤其(qi)是在規范(fan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)經營權流(liu)轉、健(jian)全農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)理和糾紛調處(chu)機制(zhi)(zhi)等方面做好配套保(bao)障,真正讓(rang)(rang)良法(fa)(fa)落(luo)(luo)地(di)(di),真正讓(rang)(rang)政(zheng)(zheng)策紅(hong)利惠及于民。