以改革創新促進鄉村振興
來源：未知 日期：2018-12-03 點擊：次
黨的(de)(de)十九大首次明確(que)提出實施(shi)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰略(lve)。這(zhe)是未來促(cu)進我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)現代(dai)化的(de)(de)總(zong)戰略(lve)，也是未來我國“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”工作的(de)(de)總(zong)抓手。真正做(zuo)到鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)，必須以改革創新的(de)(de)思路，清除(chu)阻礙農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)展的(de)(de)各(ge)種障(zhang)礙，激(ji)發(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)各(ge)類(lei)要素的(de)(de)潛能(neng)和各(ge)類(lei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)活力(li)，不斷為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)展注(zhu)入(ru)新動(dong)能(neng)。
一、緊(jin)緊(jin)圍繞(rao)農業農村(cun)同步現代化這(zhe)一根本目標
進(jin)入新世紀(ji)以(yi)(yi)來，如何全面建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)康(kang)(kang)社(she)會(hui)成(cheng)為我國經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)頭等大事(shi)。黨的(de)十六大、十七大和十八(ba)大，均立足于2020年全面建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)康(kang)(kang)社(she)會(hui)的(de)戰略目標，對“三農(nong)”工作(zuo)提出(chu)要求(qiu)、作(zuo)出(chu)部(bu)署。黨的(de)十六大明確提出(chu)，統(tong)籌(chou)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設現代(dai)農(nong)業(ye)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)村(cun)經濟(ji)，增加(jia)(jia)農(nong)民收入，是(shi)全面建(jian)(jian)(jian)設小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)康(kang)(kang)社(she)會(hui)的(de)重(zhong)大任務。黨的(de)十七大強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)，要加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)農(nong)業(ye)基礎地位，走中(zhong)國特色農(nong)業(ye)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)道路，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立以(yi)(yi)工促(cu)農(nong)、以(yi)(yi)城(cheng)帶鄉(xiang)長(chang)效機制(zhi)，形成(cheng)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)一體化(hua)(hua)新格局。黨的(de)十八(ba)大再次強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)，城(cheng)鄉(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)一體化(hua)(hua)是(shi)解決“三農(nong)”問題的(de)根本(ben)途徑，要加(jia)(jia)大統(tong)籌(chou)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)力度，增強(qiang)(qiang)農(nong)村(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)活力，逐步縮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)差距，促(cu)進(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)共同(tong)繁榮(rong)。在(zai)黨中(zhong)央正確領導下，在(zai)過去十幾年全面建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)康(kang)(kang)社(she)會(hui)的(de)進(jin)程中(zhong)，我國農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)取(qu)得歷史性成(cheng)就(jiu)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)生歷史性變革(ge)。
肯定成績(ji)的(de)(de)同時，也要清醒地看(kan)(kan)到，城(cheng)鄉(xiang)二(er)元(yuan)結(jie)構(gou)明顯仍(reng)是目前(qian)我國(guo)最大的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)性問題、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發展滯后是我國(guo)發展不(bu)平衡不(bu)充分(fen)最突出的(de)(de)表現。從收入(ru)(ru)和消費(fei)看(kan)(kan)，盡管近(jin)年(nian)來農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)居(ju)(ju)民(min)收入(ru)(ru)和消費(fei)支出增長(chang)速度快(kuai)于城(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)(ju)民(min)，但2016年(nian)我國(guo)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)(ju)民(min)人均(jun)收入(ru)(ru)和消費(fei)支出仍(reng)分(fen)別高達(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)居(ju)(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)2.72倍和2.28倍，城(cheng)鄉(xiang)居(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭家(jia)用(yong)汽車、空(kong)調、計算機等耐(nai)用(yong)消費(fei)品的(de)(de)普及(ji)率(lv)差(cha)距仍(reng)然很大。從全(quan)員勞動生產率(lv)看(kan)(kan)，2016年(nian)非農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產業(ye)達(da)到人均(jun)12.13萬元(yuan)，而農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)只有2.96萬元(yuan)，前(qian)者是后者的(de)(de)4.09倍。從基礎設施(shi)看(kan)(kan)，2016年(nian)全(quan)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)還(huan)(huan)有46.2%的(de)(de)家(jia)庭使用(yong)普通旱(han)廁，甚(shen)至還(huan)(huan)有2%的(de)(de)家(jia)庭沒有廁所；26.1%的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生活垃圾、82.6%的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生活污水未得到集中(zhong)處理或部分(fen)集中(zhong)處理；38.1%的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)(cun)內主(zhu)要道(dao)路(lu)沒有路(lu)燈。從基本(ben)公(gong)共服務看(kan)(kan)，2016年(nian)67.7%的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)沒有幼(you)兒(er)(er)園(yuan)、托(tuo)兒(er)(er)所；18.1%的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)沒有衛生室、45.1%的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)沒有執業(ye)（助理）醫師。從社會(hui)保障(zhang)看(kan)(kan)，目前(qian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)低(di)保、新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)保、新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)合保障(zhang)標準也明顯低(di)于城(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)(ju)民(min)和城(cheng)鎮(zhen)職工。這還(huan)(huan)僅僅是數(shu)量(liang)上的(de)(de)差(cha)距，如果(guo)看(kan)(kan)質(zhi)量(liang)，城(cheng)鄉(xiang)差(cha)距就更(geng)大了。
根據(ju)黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)九大的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)署，2035年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)要(yao)基(ji)本實現(xian)(xian)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)，這(zhe)(zhe)比(bi)以前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)署提前(qian)了15年；2050年要(yao)把我(wo)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)成富(fu)強民主(zhu)文明(ming)和諧美麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)強國(guo)(guo)，這(zhe)(zhe)比(bi)以前(qian)描繪的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)更(geng)高(gao)。盡(jin)管(guan)在未(wei)來3年決(jue)勝全面建(jian)成小康(kang)(kang)社(she)會(hui)(hui)過程(cheng)中，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)還會(hui)(hui)發生(sheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)、取(qu)得新的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步，但到2020年實現(xian)(xian)全面建(jian)成小康(kang)(kang)社(she)會(hui)(hui)目標(biao)(biao)時，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)城鄉(xiang)二元結構仍(reng)將相(xiang)當(dang)突出。從(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)起(qi)點出發，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)將邁入全面建(jian)設社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)新征程(cheng)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)發展如何跟上整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步伐，是(shi)擺(bai)在我(wo)們面前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大挑戰。如果說(shuo)小康(kang)(kang)不小康(kang)(kang)關(guan)鍵(jian)看(kan)老鄉(xiang)，那么也可以說(shuo)，現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)不現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)關(guan)鍵(jian)看(kan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)。實施鄉(xiang)村(cun)振(zhen)興戰略，根本出發點就是(shi)要(yao)使農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)與整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)保持同步。
二(er)、牢牢把握優先發(fa)展(zhan)和融合發(fa)展(zhan)兩大原則
在城(cheng)鄉(xiang)二(er)元結構明顯(xian)的(de)背景(jing)下，要(yao)促進農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村現(xian)代化(hua)與國(guo)家現(xian)代化(hua)同步，必須(xu)深化(hua)對“農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村農(nong)民問題是關系國(guo)計民生的(de)根(gen)本(ben)性(xing)問題”這一重大論(lun)斷的(de)認識，真正做(zuo)到“始終把解決好‘三農(nong)’問題作為全黨工作重中之(zhi)重”。特別是要(yao)貫徹新發展理念，堅持農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村優先發展和城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合發展。
堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)優先發展，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)發揮政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)有(you)形(xing)之手的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)補(bu)(bu)國家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)板。重(zhong)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)兩個方面(mian)：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)推(tui)動公(gong)共(gong)資源向(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)優先配(pei)置(zhi)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消除(chu)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)之間基(ji)(ji)本(ben)公(gong)共(gong)服務存量差(cha)距(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迫切需要(yao)，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)防止(zhi)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)之間基(ji)(ji)本(ben)公(gong)共(gong)服務出現(xian)(xian)增量差(cha)距(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)要(yao)求。經過(guo)多年(nian)努力(li)(li)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)公(gong)共(gong)服務體系的(de)(de)(de)(de)“四梁八柱”已經搭(da)建(jian)起來，實現(xian)(xian)了從(cong)“無(wu)”到(dao)“有(you)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史性(xing)變革。目前主要(yao)問(wen)題在于公(gong)共(gong)服務領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)距(ju)仍然(ran)太大(da)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)公(gong)共(gong)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障(zhang)水(shui)平太低。應(ying)(ying)把從(cong)“有(you)”到(dao)“好”作為主攻(gong)方向(xiang)，繼(ji)續(xu)推(tui)動城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)義務教(jiao)育一體化(hua)發展、著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)義務教(jiao)育質(zhi)量和便(bian)利性(xing)，完善(shan)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民(min)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)養老保(bao)險制度(du)、著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)增加(jia)(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)養老金(jin)，完善(shan)統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民(min)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)醫療(liao)保(bao)險制度(du)和大(da)病保(bao)險制度(du)、著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)報(bao)銷(xiao)比例，統籌城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)社(she)會救助體系、著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)低保(bao)標準和覆蓋面(mian)。加(jia)(jia)大(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)道路、供水(shui)、供電、通訊等(deng)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施投入，加(jia)(jia)快農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活垃(la)圾(ji)、污水(shui)處(chu)理能力(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)支持(chi)(chi)保(bao)護政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)能。最近兩年(nian)，國家已開始著(zhu)(zhu)手調整完善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)支持(chi)(chi)保(bao)護政(zheng)(zheng)策，如實行(xing)棉花目標價格補(bu)(bu)貼試點、推(tui)行(xing)玉米“市場化(hua)收購+生產(chan)者補(bu)(bu)貼”、推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)“三項補(bu)(bu)貼”制度(du)改革。今(jin)后(hou)我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)支持(chi)(chi)保(bao)護政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)度(du)還(huan)(huan)應(ying)(ying)繼(ji)續(xu)加(jia)(jia)大(da)，關(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)調整政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)點。應(ying)(ying)突出競(jing)爭力(li)(li)指向(xiang)，加(jia)(jia)大(da)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田水(shui)利、土地整治、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)科技(ji)、職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培訓(xun)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投入，促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)降成本(ben)、提(ti)(ti)效(xiao)率(lv)。還(huan)(huan)應(ying)(ying)突出綠色生態指向(xiang)，加(jia)(jia)大(da)對(dui)退耕(geng)(geng)還(huan)(huan)林、退耕(geng)(geng)還(huan)(huan)濕和退養還(huan)(huan)灘、節水(shui)灌(guan)溉、耕(geng)(geng)地地力(li)(li)保(bao)護、化(hua)肥和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)減量、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)廢棄物回收、地下水(shui)超采(cai)和重(zhong)金(jin)屬污染(ran)地區(qu)治理等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投入，促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)可持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發展。
堅持城鄉(xiang)融(rong)合(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)，就是要(yao)(yao)(yao)發(fa)揮市場(chang)無形之手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，著力推(tui)(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)變革(ge)、效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)變革(ge)、動(dong)力變革(ge)。我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村已(yi)由高(gao)(gao)速增(zeng)長階(jie)段轉向(xiang)高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段。實現高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)城鄉(xiang)資(zi)源(yuan)配置合(he)(he)理(li)化、城鄉(xiang)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)融(rong)合(he)(he)化。今后，解(jie)決好(hao)“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”問題要(yao)(yao)(yao)借助城鎮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)，解(jie)決好(hao)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題也要(yao)(yao)(yao)借助鄉(xiang)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)，城市與鄉(xiang)村應(ying)(ying)水(shui)乳交融(rong)、雙向(xiang)互(hu)動(dong)、互(hu)為(wei)依存。一是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)城鎮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)需求(qiu)(qiu)做(zuo)出靈敏反應(ying)(ying)。城鎮居民對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)已(yi)得(de)到較好(hao)滿足，但對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)尚未得(de)到很好(hao)滿足；不僅要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村提(ti)(ti)供充(chong)足、安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，而(er)且(qie)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村提(ti)(ti)供清潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣、潔凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)源(yuan)、恬靜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田園風(feng)光等生態(tai)(tai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，以及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)耕文化、鄉(xiang)愁(chou)寄(ji)托(tuo)等精神產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。捕捉這(zhe)些新(xin)需求(qiu)(qiu)，應(ying)(ying)加(jia)快(kuai)推(tui)(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)從增(zeng)產(chan)導向(xiang)轉向(xiang)提(ti)(ti)質(zhi)導向(xiang)，大力發(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村休閑(xian)旅游養(yang)老等新(xin)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)新(xin)業(ye)(ye)態(tai)(tai)。二是城鎮要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)需求(qiu)(qiu)作出靈敏反應(ying)(ying)。發(fa)展(zhan)資(zi)源(yuan)節約、環(huan)境友好(hao)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)，迫(po)切需要(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)型肥料和(he)低(di)毒高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥；促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“機(ji)器換人”、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞動(dong)生產(chan)率(lv)(lv)，迫(po)切需要(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)價比高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)械，特別是適合(he)(he)丘陵山(shan)區和(he)經濟作物(wu)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)械；改善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村人居環(huan)境、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民生活(huo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)，迫(po)切需要(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)型建(jian)筑裝飾材料、皮實耐用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垃圾和(he)污水(shui)處理(li)設(she)備、經濟適用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廚衛等家庭生活(huo)用(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。捕捉這(zhe)些新(xin)需求(qiu)(qiu)，應(ying)(ying)加(jia)快(kuai)調(diao)整(zheng)工業(ye)(ye)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術結(jie)構和(he)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)結(jie)構，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)“工業(ye)(ye)品(pin)(pin)(pin)下鄉(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針對(dui)性(xing)和(he)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)。
三、切實抓好“人、地、錢”三個關鍵
實施(shi)(shi)鄉村振興(xing)戰略是(shi)一(yi)個系統工程，需要(yao)科學制定規(gui)劃，按(an)照“產(chan)業興(xing)旺(wang)、生態宜(yi)居、鄉風文明(ming)、治(zhi)理(li)有效、生活富裕”的總要(yao)求，全面推進各項振興(xing)措施(shi)(shi)落(luo)地(di)。核心是(shi)抓好“人、地(di)、錢”三(san)個關(guan)鍵：
（一(yi)(yi)）促(cu)進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口占(zhan)比下降(jiang)、結(jie)構優(you)化(hua)。2016年(nian)我(wo)國鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口占(zhan)比仍(reng)高(gao)達42.65%、第一(yi)(yi)產(chan)業(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)占(zhan)比也高(gao)達27.7%，來(lai)自農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮常住(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口中(zhong)相當(dang)部分還(huan)未完全融入(ru)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)和(he)居住(zhu)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮，總體而言(yan)我(wo)國仍(reng)處于“要(yao)富裕農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)必須(xu)減少農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)”的(de)發展階(jie)段(duan)，必須(xu)堅定不(bu)移推進(jin)以人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為核心的(de)新(xin)型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)，繼(ji)續(xu)促(cu)進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力(li)(li)轉移。同(tong)時也要(yao)注(zhu)意到，我(wo)國鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力(li)(li)轉移具有(you)“精英(ying)移民(min)(min)”的(de)特征，進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口和(he)轉移的(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力(li)(li)在(zai)年(nian)齡、受(shou)教育程(cheng)度、性別(bie)比例等(deng)方面明(ming)顯優(you)于留(liu)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)那部分人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口和(he)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力(li)(li)。實現(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)，必須(xu)在(zai)促(cu)進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口占(zhan)比下降(jiang)的(de)同(tong)時，注(zhu)重優(you)化(hua)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口結(jie)構，提高(gao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)本質量。要(yao)優(you)化(hua)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)從(cong)業(ye)者結(jie)構，加快(kuai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)現(xian)代青年(nian)農(nong)(nong)場主、新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)主體帶頭人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)職業(ye)經(jing)理人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。既要(yao)重視從(cong)目前仍(reng)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)發現(xian)和(he)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)新(xin)型(xing)職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)，也要(yao)重視引(yin)導部分有(you)意愿的(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)返鄉(xiang)(xiang)、從(cong)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)走(zou)出(chu)來(lai)的(de)大(da)學生(sheng)回鄉(xiang)(xiang)、在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市中(zhong)成長(chang)的(de)各類(lei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才下鄉(xiang)(xiang)，將現(xian)代科技、生(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)和(he)經(jing)營(ying)模式(shi)引(yin)入(ru)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)。加快(kuai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)造就(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)(yi)支懂(dong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)、愛農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、愛農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)“三農(nong)(nong)”工(gong)作隊伍，全面提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)地區國家公務員、科技人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員、教師、醫(yi)生(sheng)等(deng)的(de)能力(li)(li)和(he)水平。
（二(er)）加快建立鄉村(cun)(cun)振興的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)機制(zhi)。深化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)改革，是促進(jin)現(xian)(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)、發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)新(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)的(de)迫切需要(yao)(yao)。一要(yao)(yao)以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)為目(mu)(mu)標完(wan)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)“三權(quan)(quan)(quan)分置(zhi)”辦(ban)(ban)法。隨著承包(bao)戶就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結構(gou)、收入結構(gou)乃(nai)至居住地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)變化(hua)(hua)，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)一代”逐步退出、“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)二(er)代”不(bu)愿務農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)，以(yi)及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉社會保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)健全(quan)，承包(bao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)生(sheng)計保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)功能在下降、生(sheng)產要(yao)(yao)素(su)功能在彰顯，應據此(ci)調整(zheng)完(wan)善對(dui)集(ji)體所有權(quan)(quan)(quan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經營權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)賦權(quan)(quan)(quan)，防(fang)止土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)撂荒(huang)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)租過快上漲。二(er)要(yao)(yao)完(wan)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理(li)(li)政策(ce)。對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品冷鏈、初加工(gong)、休(xiu)閑(xian)采摘、倉儲等(deng)(deng)(deng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，停車場、廁(ce)所、餐飲等(deng)(deng)(deng)配套用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，應實(shi)行(xing)更(geng)靈活和(he)寬松的(de)管理(li)(li)政策(ce)。三要(yao)(yao)優化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉建設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)布局。切實(shi)落實(shi)“將年(nian)度(du)新(xin)增建設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)計劃指標確定(ding)一定(ding)比例(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)支持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)新(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)”的(de)既(ji)有政策(ce)。審慎改進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉建設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)增減掛鉤和(he)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)占補平衡操(cao)作辦(ban)(ban)法，為鄉村(cun)(cun)振興留出用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)空間，不(bu)要(yao)(yao)急于(yu)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)騰挪到城(cheng)(cheng)市、把(ba)欠發達地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區建設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)騰挪到發達地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區。四(si)要(yao)(yao)探索盤活農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)閑(xian)置(zhi)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)有效途徑。在不(bu)以(yi)買(mai)賣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為出發點的(de)前提下，積極探索有效利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)閑(xian)置(zhi)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)具體辦(ban)(ban)法。例(li)如(ru)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)體經濟(ji)組(zu)織可以(yi)將村(cun)(cun)莊整(zheng)治、宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)整(zheng)理(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)節約的(de)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，以(yi)入股、聯(lian)營等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)式，發展鄉村(cun)(cun)休(xiu)閑(xian)旅(lv)游(you)養老等(deng)(deng)(deng)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)三產融(rong)合項目(mu)(mu)。又如(ru)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)體經濟(ji)組(zu)織可以(yi)通過出租、合作等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)式，盤活利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)空閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)房及(ji)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。
（三）建(jian)立健(jian)全有(you)利于各(ge)類(lei)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)向(xiang)(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村流動(dong)的(de)體制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。無(wu)論是(shi)實現(xian)“產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)興(xing)旺(wang)”還是(shi)“生態(tai)宜居”，都(dou)需要(yao)(yao)大量資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)。應(ying)從(cong)財政(zheng)、金(jin)(jin)融、社(she)(she)會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)等(deng)多個(ge)渠(qu)道(dao)籌(chou)集(ji)鄉村振興(xing)所(suo)需資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)。一要(yao)(yao)改革財政(zheng)支(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。一方(fang)面，要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)把(ba)(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村作(zuo)為財政(zheng)支(zhi)出的(de)優先領域，確保(bao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村投(tou)(tou)入(ru)適(shi)度增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)；另(ling)一方(fang)面，要(yao)(yao)把(ba)(ba)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)精力放(fang)在創新(xin)使用(yong)方(fang)式(shi)、提(ti)高(gao)支(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)效能(neng)上。要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好“整合(he)”和(he)“撬(qiao)動(dong)”兩篇(pian)文章。“整合(he)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)發(fa)揮規(gui)劃的(de)統籌(chou)引(yin)領作(zuo)用(yong)，把(ba)(ba)各(ge)類(lei)涉(she)(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)盡可能(neng)打(da)捆使用(yong)，形成(cheng)合(he)力。“撬(qiao)動(dong)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)通過以(yi)獎代補、貼息、擔保(bao)等(deng)方(fang)式(shi)，發(fa)揮財政(zheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)的(de)杠(gang)桿作(zuo)用(yong)，引(yin)導金(jin)(jin)融和(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)更多地投(tou)(tou)向(xiang)(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村。二要(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)快農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村金(jin)(jin)融創新(xin)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村存款相當部分(fen)不能(neng)在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村轉化為投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，通過金(jin)(jin)融機(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)虹(hong)吸效應(ying)流向(xiang)(xiang)城市(shi)，是(shi)亟待解決(jue)的(de)現(xian)實問題(ti)。要(yao)(yao)從(cong)“建(jian)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)”和(he)“建(jian)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)”雙管齊(qi)下(xia)。“建(jian)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)落(luo)實涉(she)(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)貸款增(zeng)量獎勵(li)政(zheng)策，對涉(she)(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)達到一定比例的(de)金(jin)(jin)融機(ji)(ji)構(gou)實行差別化監(jian)管和(he)考核辦(ban)法，適(shi)當下(xia)放(fang)縣域分(fen)支(zhi)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)審(shen)批權限，解決(jue)投(tou)(tou)放(fang)“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”貸款積極性不足的(de)問題(ti)。“建(jian)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)優化村鎮銀行設(she)立模式(shi)、提(ti)高(gao)縣市(shi)覆蓋面，開展農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民合(he)作(zuo)社(she)(she)內部信用(yong)合(he)作(zuo)，支(zhi)持(chi)現(xian)有(you)大型金(jin)(jin)融機(ji)(ji)構(gou)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)縣域網點，解決(jue)投(tou)(tou)放(fang)“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”貸款市(shi)場主(zhu)體不足的(de)問題(ti)。三要(yao)(yao)鼓勵(li)和(he)引(yin)導社(she)(she)會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)參(can)與鄉村振興(xing)。鼓勵(li)社(she)(she)會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村發(fa)展適(shi)合(he)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)化經營(ying)的(de)現(xian)代種(zhong)養(yang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)服(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品加(jia)(jia)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)，以(yi)及(ji)休閑旅游養(yang)老等(deng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。創新(xin)利益聯結機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，引(yin)導社(she)(she)會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)帶(dai)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民而不是(shi)替代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民。加(jia)(jia)強產(chan)(chan)權保(bao)護，穩(wen)定投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者預期。
相關文章推薦:
